Business Skills for E-Commerce - 6864 Words

Business Skills for E-Commerce Group Assignment Executive summary The documentation is about the process of implementing an e-commerce solution for the Dinapala Group of company. As the first step of completion, a preliminary investigation has done about the selected organization in order to have a proper idea about the problem scope and the background. After identifying the circumstantial, organization’s core business functions have assesses under the outcome criteria of understanding of the structure and aims of a business organization. Then, an evaluation of business aims has done and along with that, how they related to stakeholder has also explained. Furthermore, the impacts including the risks of introducing an†¦show more content†¦39 Security concerns for future development ........................................................................... 40 Page 2 Business Skills for E-Commerce Group Assignment Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 41 References ................................................................................................................................ 43 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 44 Provided questionnaire to the employees of Dinapala Group ............................................. 44 Page 3 Business Skills for E-Commerce Group Assignment Table of figures Figure 1; Business functions ........................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2; eBay.com ....................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3; Amazon.com.................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 4; eBay financial statements, Online Banking Report, 11/04 ........................................... 19 Figure 5; Dinapala Group-Home pageShow MoreRelatedBusiness Skills for e-commerce Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesUNIT 1 – Business Skills for e-Commerce Assignment No 1 – Sit 1 Assignment Cover Sheet Qualification HND MQC Level 5 - Diploma in Computing and Systems Development Assignment No Sit No Type Unit number and title U1 – Business Skills for e-Commerce 1/2 1 Academic Year Student Group Home 2013/2014 HND1 - PM Student Name Surname Student ID No Student Email Assessor name Assignment IV Date of Verification Stefan Attard Sarah Diacono Read MoreBusiness Skills for Ecommerce1474 Words   |  6 PagesSystems Development Business Skills for e-Commerce Assignment Tutor: Steve Presland 1 Introduction This assignment will enable you to apply the business skills needed to design an eCommerce solution for a music production company. You will need to consider the organisation and processes of the company and consider what the impact of the Internet and e-Commerce has been on the company. Answers to the tasks will demonstrate: 1: An understanding of the structure and aims of business organisations. 2:Read MoreImplementation Of Electronic Commerce ( E Commerce ) On Small Medium Enterprise ( Sme )1292 Words   |  6 Pageselectronic commerce (e-commerce) on Small Medium Enterprise (SME) In this globalization era, new businesses are emerging and developing very rapidly where competition between businesses is becoming more aggressive. Raymond, Bergeron and Blili (2005) mentioned that todays’ market is more effective and efficient since the use of technology that has eliminated distance and time. This situation may impact on small business or known as Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) to compete with bigger business. 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The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay - 741 Words

Embryonic stem cell research can be easily defined. A stem is defined as something that is developed from. A cell is defined as a microscopic living organism. According to Dennis Hollinger, Embryonic stem cell research uses from the embryos inner cell mass that give rise to each of the human bodys many different tissue types(1). In our modern day society, stem cell research has become a controversial topic. Several people strongly oppose the idea of the research, but many are struggling for the continuance of the program. Embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to continue because it aids in the search of cures for diseases, offers an alternative to discarding unused embryos from in vitro fertilization, and is supported by the†¦show more content†¦Pediatrician Maria Escolar, the leading neuron-developer, explains how the cells tend to grow on damaged tissue areas, more than any other areas in the childs body. Stem cell research also offers an alternative to unused embryos from in vitro fertilization. With consent of the patient, the unused embryos can be donated to stem cell research. When left unused, the embryos are seemingly thrown away. The issue of involving in vitro with stem cell research is also a controversial topic. [The question is] Whether a frozen embryo stored in a refrigerator in a clinic is really equivalent to an embryo or fetus developing in a mothers womb (Hatch3). The argument of committing murder if the embryos are used for research, is contradicted by the discarding of them. If the embryos are not going to be used for in vitro fertilization, then who is to say that discarding them is not committing murder. In 2001, President George W. Bush declared that embryonic stem cell research can only be used with existing cells (Hatch1). This law only proves how vital in vitro embryos are to the research. 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HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseasesRead MoreStem Cell Research, Ethics And Policy Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research and engineering is a widely disputed topic that often divides people in science, ethics, and religion. In order to fully understand the controversy surrounding this area of scientific research and discovery, one must be informed as to what stem cells are. In the article, â€Å"Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics and Policy†, stem cells are described as â€Å"primitive cells with the capacity to divide and give rise to more identical stem cells or to specialize and

Law in Context Gratwick v Johnson

Question: Discuss about the Law in Context Gratwick v Johnson. Answer: The supreme law in Australia is its constitution through which the Commonwealth government operates[1]. Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia, is relevant till date and dictates the commerce, intercourse and trade between the States[2]. This section states that such commerce, intercourse and trade taking place between the States should be free absolutely, irrespective of the fact that it is carried on by means of ocean navigation or internal carriage[3]. A number of landmark rulings have been passed which relate to this very section of the Australian Constitution. In the following parts, one of such rulings of Gratwick v Johnson[4] has been analyzed. The rationale behind analyzing this case is to understand the reasons for this particular verdict. This would help in drawing the conclusion regarding how different or similar, the decision taken in 1945 would be, in the present context. As per Australian Constitutions section 92, when a uniform duty of customs is imposed upon a transaction, the intercourse, trade and commerce, than such a transaction occurring between the states, has to be free in absolute. Starke J in Gratwick v Johnson stated that the individuals living in Australia were free to pass from and to amongst the state with any restrictions, hindrances or burden. This section has been the cornerstone of major jurisprudence of the constitution of Australia, and at the same time, has been quite complex[5]. In Gratwick v Johnson, the Australian High Court observed that intercourse in this section, was the ability to pass from and to, within the states, without any obstruction or barriers. In this case, Dulcie Johnson, the respondent, was charged with the contravention of the Restriction of Interstate Passenger Transport Orders[6] provision, which was drawn under the National Security (Land Transport) Regulations, Statutory Rules 1944 No. 49[7]. These rules were made under the National Security Act 1939-1943[8]. It was charged that the respondent travelled through rail even when the Order specifically provided that no individual could travel by rail, without explicit permission, between a State in Commonwealth to some other State. It was clearly established that Johnson had travelled without a permit, from New South Wales to Western Australia, in order to visit her fianc. This charge was dismissed due to the infringement the Order as per the Constitutions section 92[9]. While giving this decision, the judges considered the liberty of the individuals in context of the interest of the state, in terms of security. It was the responsibility of the Governor-General to make such regulations, which were necessary for making the requisite regulations for securing the defense of the Commonwealth, along with the territories of Commonwealth, for the public safety. This had to be done for prescribing the required matter, as convenient or necessary, for effectual prosecution of any war, in which His Majesty may be engaged. This power was provided through section 5 of the National Security Act 1939-1943[10]. The Regulations drafted under this act, through Regulation 4 provided that the objective of these was to protect the interest of defense and the control of rail and road transport by the Commonwealth, for the purpose as is specified[11]. The Regulations 7 and 8 provided similar powers to different authorities[12]. While making the appeal, the maxim of salus populi was also quoted by the counsel for appellant. This maxim could abrogate the law which belongs to the world of revolution and war; however, it could not do the same for law. This condition was not present in the Australian circumstances; hence, this maxim was not applicable. Rejecting this maxim, the Court proceeded towards the challenge of the Order being inconsistent with the Constitutions section 92. Section 92 provided that the individuals had the freedom to travel between the States as and when they please. The Order however stated that individuals were barred from travelling between the States, unless and until, the individuals had the permission of an officer of the Commonwealth. Through this Order, it becomes explicit to take the official permission so as to make transit, as well as, access for individuals between the States. Hence, the Order enforces a barrier on such access and transit, which is different from other travel, just because it takes place between states. Hence, the order was a direct negation of the quoted section of constitution and was directed against the intercourse[13]. During the proceedings of this case, Starke J. held that if the Order was continued or was allowed to prevail of section 92, it would mean that no person could travel by a commercial vehicle or through rail without a permit, inter-state. It was also contended that the constitutional power to make the law had to be respected. But, Starke J. highlighted that the constitutional powers were subject to the constitution; hence, it could not go beyond what was covered in the constitution. He stated that it was immaterial that the purpose of this legislation was the safety of the public and the defense of the Commonwealth, as it beat the purpose of the rights which were protected, as well as, guaranteed through the provisions of section 92 of the Australian Constitution[14]. In the views of Dixon J. it was a long shot to suggest that the imperative demands of national safety make it necessary to impose a general restriction over the operation of travelling to any part of the continent, without a specific permission in this regard, through the public conveyance, just because the journey starts from one state and ends in another. He acknowledged the necessity of such impositions in case of law, but also stated that section 92 did not relate to such consequences which were factual in nature and which ensued from definite conduct of war[15]. He stated that such things are done under the governments authority but was not opposed to this section. McTiernan J. highlighted that clause 3 (a) of the Restriction of Interstate Passenger Transport Order restrained the freedom of intercourse between the states[16]. As view of the chair was unified in this matter, the appeal was dismissed in interest of section 92[17]. The considerations undertaken by the bench of judges of the High Court of Australia, struck a unique balance between the liberty which was available to the individuals, and the interest of the state. In order to provide the individuals, the freedom to carry on their businesses, in form of intercourse, trade and commerce, this decision was given. Moreover, the decision also balanced the national security and interest of the state, as it recognized that there was no war situation, and hence, a restriction through the Order was not deemed to be necessary[18]. But, the circumstances have changed from the time the decision of Gratwick v Johnson was given in 1945. Along with this, there have been a number of new cases, which have presented a different precedent for such cases. The prime example of such cases is the case of Cole v Whitfield[19]. The High Court in this case stated that the decision of Gratwick v Johnson did not infer that each and every form of intercourse had to be left without regulations or restrictions, so as to suit the guarantee of freedom. Hence, even though the private movement across the border could not be impeded in general, it would still be legitimate to restrict certain aspects of it; for instance, the use of highway by a pedestrian for crossing, or for authorizing the arrest of an offender belonging to one state, at such a time when the person was moving to another state[20]. In Cole v Whitfield, it was held that the interstate trade was not absolutely free and was replaced with the economic idea of free trade[2 1]. And so, with Cole v Whitfield, the view given in Gratwick v Johnson has changed[22]. Mason CJ in Cunliffe and Another v. The Commonwealth of Australia[23] provided that the guarantee provided in section 92 was not absolute. So, a law which imposes a restriction or burden over movement across the border is invalid. However, a law which presents a restriction on interstate intercourse or an incident burden on the same, during the course of regulation the particular matter, would not fail where the restriction or burden was held to be reasonable. Furthermore, it was important for fulfilling the objective of preserving an order in the society, through a system the democracy and of representative government. This was in addition to such a restriction or such a burden, which was not disproportionate to an end. Hence, it comes down to weighing the competing interest of the public[24]. A notion has been presented that the right to freedom of movement is generally implied through the constitution. Murphy J in Miller v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd[25] implied this that the freedom of movement amid the states was implied in the Constitution, whether it was in or between any parts of the Commonwealth. Though, the same view has been disregarded by Professors David Hume and George Williams stating that it lacks the clarity on textual basis relating to the freedom and the incidents which are covered under the constitutionally prescribed system of federalism, which could support[26]. Further, they also believed that Constitutions federalism was not proposed to shield the individuals. In the present age, though there may not be an immediate war, but the situations like ISIS poses a threat on any national security. And so, for safeguarding the security of the nationals of Australia, a change from this decision may be undertaken However, there are certain things, which could lead to the repetition of the view adopted under Gratwick v Johnson in 1945, at the present time. In 1945, the country was not facing any war issue, as a result of which, the Order was held to be invalid. In the present times too, Australia is not facing any war like situation or a war per se, and so, there is no need for deviation from the established norms, as long as the situation remains the same. The national interest has to be always kept in mind, as it impacts the general public directly. But at the same it, it is also vital that the individuals have the liberty, independence and autonomy to move between the states. A point here can also be made in support of Gratwick v Johnson, that for promoting trade, section 92 is again important. This not only helps the public in growing their trade or commerce, but also helps the government in increasing their revenues. These revenues in turn are applied towards the national safety, which de note the interest of the state. And so, even though which changed times, Gratwick v Johnson remains to be a vital element in the freedom of inter-state movement. Based on the circumstances present today, the decision of Gratwick v Johnson would be modified keeping in mind the decision taken in Cole v Whitfield and Cunliffe and Another v The Commonwealth of Australia. These case laws form the base for the decisions to be taken in the present times. And as per the rulings in these cases laws, the decision of Gratwick v Johnson would not apply one hundred percent, but it still presents the base for the intercourse being free from any restrictions, hindrances and burden in terms of Section 92. So, the laws may be passed which dictate that the duty is applicable for inter-state dealing or movements, but a restriction, without a strict base, could not be imposed as it would breach the constitutional provisions. To sum up the entire decision, the 1945 decision was taken in the circumstances that were present at that time. Since 1945, a lot has changed. And so, in the given circumstances, the decision given in Gratwick v Johnson would be modified due to the changes in the situation which was present in 1945, to the present day, not only in the legislations, but also in the business environment as a whole. This, along with the ruling given in Gratwick v Johnson, has resulted in imposition of duties and has removed the absoluteness of the trade. So, in order to strike a balance between the current interest of the state, and liberty, which is provided to the individuals of the state, the 1945 decision would be modified. Bibliography Articles/ Books/ Reports Harris B, A New Constitution for Australia (Routledge, 2013) Puig GV, and Twigg-Flesner C, Boundaries of Commercial and Trade Law, Issue 1 (Selleir European Law Publishers, 2011) Cases Cole v Whitfield (1988) 165 CLR 360; [1988] HCA 18 Cunliffe and Another v. The Commonwealth of Australia (1994) 182 CLR 272 Gratwick v Johnson (1945) 70 CLR 1 Miller v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 60 Legislations Constitution of Australia National Security (Land Transport) Regulations, Statutory Rules 1944 No. 49 National Security Act 1939-1943 Restriction of Interstate Passenger Transport Order Other Australasian Legal Information Institute, Commonwealth Of Australia Constitution Act - Sect 92 (2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s92.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Gratwick v Johnson [1945] HCA 7; (1945) 70 CLR 1 (30 May 1945) (2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1945/7.html Australian Law Reform Commission, 5. Freedom of Movement (2017) https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/protections-statutory-encroachment-1 Parliamentary Education Office, The Australian Constitution (2017) https://www.peo.gov.au/learning/closer-look/the-australian-constitution.html